In a significant stride towards greening the maritime industry, researchers have conducted a comprehensive risk assessment comparing gaseous hydrogen (GH2) and liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel systems for ships. The study, led by Jinyeong Jeong from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), sheds light on the unique safety challenges and mitigation strategies for each hydrogen fuel type. Published in the Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science (해양공학및과학), the research offers crucial insights for shipowners, operators, and regulators eyeing hydrogen as a clean fuel alternative.
Jeong and his team employed hazard identification (HAZID) and hazard and operability (HAZOP) methodologies to systematically evaluate the risks associated with GH2 and LH2 fuel gas supply systems (FGSS). For GH2-FGSS, they identified 22 hazards, with one deemed unacceptable due to the potential for explosions from high-pressure hydrogen accumulation in case of ventilation failure. “The high explosion risk of GH2-FGSS stems from its high-pressure storage,” Jeong explained. To mitigate this, the study recommends pressure protection devices, real-time alarms, and enhanced piping durability.
On the other hand, LH2-FGSS presented a different set of challenges. The team identified 38 hazards, with cryogenic icing and overpressure emerging as significant concerns. Notably, one unacceptable risk involved thermal contraction and piping damage from repeated operations, which could lead to fires. “For LH2-FGSS, the primary risks are piping damage from icing and thermal contraction,” Jeong noted. To address these, the researchers suggested improved cooling and purge gas procedures, along with rigorous insulation management.
The study highlights the distinct safety management requirements for each fuel type, with GH2-FGSS demanding robust pressure management and LH2-FGSS necessitating careful thermal management. These findings are particularly relevant for maritime professionals considering hydrogen as a fuel option, as they provide a clear roadmap for implementing safety measures tailored to each system.
From a commercial perspective, the research offers valuable guidance for shipowners and operators looking to adopt hydrogen fuel systems. By understanding the unique risks and mitigation strategies for GH2 and LH2, stakeholders can make informed decisions about which system best suits their needs and how to ensure safe and efficient operations. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of continuous research and development in hydrogen safety, paving the way for further advancements in this promising field.
As the maritime industry increasingly turns to hydrogen as a clean fuel alternative, studies like this one play a pivotal role in ensuring safe and effective implementation. By providing a comprehensive risk assessment and practical safety guidelines, Jeong and his team have made a significant contribution to the ongoing efforts to decarbonize the maritime sector. With the insights gained from this research, industry professionals can confidently navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by hydrogen fuel systems, steering the maritime industry towards a greener and more sustainable future.